Santoro flame: The volume fraction of soot accounting for its morphology & composition

The soot volume fraction, fv, measured by Santoro and coworkers in an ethylene diffusion flame light extinction has become a standard for validation of models formation growth. This however, been obtained assuming spheres constant refractive index. As result, when compared to that microscopy thermocouple particle densitometry (TPD) at identical conditions it is almost twice as much! apparent disparity resolved here accounting the detailed fractal-like structure composition through coupling discrete element modeling with dipole approximation invert data extract fv. good agreement fv from TPD pointing out benefit ramified morphology close mass balance facilitate comparison experiments